Pakistan, located in South Asia, is a country with a rich history, diverse culture, and significant geopolitical importance. Bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the west, China to the north, and the Arabian Sea to the south, it covers a wide range of landscapes, from the towering peaks of the Himalayas to the arid deserts and fertile plains. Established in 1947 as an independent nation following the partition of British India, Pakistan is the world’s fifth-most populous country, with over 240 million people, and has a Muslim-majority population. Its cultural heritage reflects a blend of South Asian, Central Asian, and Middle Eastern influences, and it boasts a variety of languages, with Urdu as the national language and English widely used in official settings. Pakistan's economy is diverse, ranging from agriculture and textiles to a growing tech and service industry, and its vibrant cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad are key centers of commerce, culture, and education.